POMEURAH: Indonesian Journal of Humanities
Journal Title POMEURAH: Indonesian Journal of Humanities ISSN 2338-XXX (print) | 2443-XXX (online) DOI Prefix 10.XXXXX by Crossref Editor in Chief M. Ikhwan Managing Editor Muhajir Al-Fairusy Publisher Lhee Sagoe Press Country Indonesia Frequency 2 issues per year (June and December) Indexed Base |OneSearch | Google Scholar POMEURAH: Indonesian Journal of Humanities is a leading peer-reviewed and open-access journal that publishes scholarly works and specializes in the humanities that emphasize contemporary Asian issues with interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. Pomeurah Referring to the Acehnese term for respecting animals - elephants. Elephants are highly revered in Aceh, as well as being a symbol of the relationship between humans and the universe. This journal seeks to publish articles that deal with historical, archaeology, sociocultural, anthropology, history, cultural studies, philology, arts, and information science, focusing on Indonesian studies and research. POMEURAH is currently indexed by Google Scholar. POMEURAH offers open access to its content and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC-BY-SA).
Internalisasi Nilai Humanis Etis Sebagai Alternatif Action Untuk Menanggulangi Eksploitasi Tambang Emas Ilegal di Aceh
The exploitation of natural resources through large-scale exploration without consideration for environmental balance will lead to severe damage to the ecosystem. Such actions disrupt the natural order and bring about disasters that threaten human life as well as the lives of other species that should coexist in harmony. This destruction is often concealed by individuals who remain greedy and arrogant in exploiting resources like gold for personal enrichment and the benefit of their cronies. However, over time, innocent communities, who gain no benefit whatsoever, will begin to suffer the consequences: floods, landslides, and mercury poisoning in water sources. As a result, people and infrastructure will be damaged, and communities will struggle to live normal lives, constantly fearing sudden disasters. In reality, there are now many reports of flash floods and landslides in areas known for illegal gold mining, such as Tangse, Geumpang, and West Aceh. Therefore, a sense of ethical and humanistic awareness is urgently needed from all parties to refrain from arrogantly engaging in illegal mining, given that such actions will cause long-term environmental destruction. It is not just about enriching oneself at the expense of innocent lives. Furthermore, firm legal oversight and enforcement are necessary for anyone who breaks the law, especially companies or individuals who continue to act irresponsibly and attempt to steal natural wealth without proper legal authorization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ernita Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Strategi Modal Sosial dan Politik Identitas Para Caleg Terpilih Partai Adil Sejahtera (PAS Aceh) Pada Pemilihan Anggota Legislatif 2024 di Aceh
The Prosperous Justice Party (PAS Aceh) is a party founded by all elements of Acehnese ulama. The PAS Aceh Party is the result of the ijtima ulama after the Acehnese ulama gathering in November 2021. The founders of the highest council of the PAS Aceh Party are led by three charismatic ulama, such as Tgk. Syaikh. H. Mawardi Waly (Abuya Mawardi), Tgk. Syaikh. H. Hasanoel Basry HG (Abu Mudi), Tgk Syaikh. H. Asnawi Ramli or Aba Asnawi Lamno. In the 2024 legislative elections, many dayah/pesantren leaders nominated themselves as Candidates for Members of the Aceh People's Representative Council (DPRA), but only four people were elected as members of the DPRA, namely Tgk. Rasyid Ahmad, leader of Dayah Nurur Rasyad Al-Aziziyah, Pidie, from electoral district 2, Tgk. Nurdin M. Judon, leader of Dayah Dhiya Ulhaq, Bireun, from electoral district 3. Tgk. Teuku Zulfadli, leader of Dayah Keumaral Al-Aziziyah, North Aceh, from electoral district 5, Tgk. Muhammad, leader of Dayah Al-Muna Al-Aziziyah, East Aceh, from electoral district 6. The focus of this study is to see the strategies carried out by the elected PAS Aceh legislative candidates in the 2024 legislative elections. The method used is qualitative. The results of the study show that the elected DPRA candidates of the PAS Aceh Party were due to the strong solidarity between alumni of the dayah, political reverence, and the use of identity politics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tibrani Salahuddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Membaca KDRT Ekonomi dalam Dakwah Televisi: Analisis Wacana Ning Umi Laila dalam Episode Suami Pelit, KDRT atau Bukan?
One of the women's issues that is continuously brought up to the public sphere is domestic violence, which commonly exists in a patriarchal society. This research aims to find women's representation who experience economic violence in religious discourse. The research object is a television program entitled “TEGA BANGET!! Suami PELIT Pada Istri Itu KDRT Gak Sih??” by a religious preacher, Ning Umi Laila. This descriptive analytic study uses Sara Mills's feminist stylistic discourse analysis. The method focuses on how women are constructed in a text or discourse, especially religious discourse. Furthermore, the study highlights how a religious authoritative figure portrays women in a television program, particularly when discussing economic domestic violence. Based on the analysis, the result shows that Ning Umi Laila, as the subject, articulates the rights of wives to economic justice, while framing the figure of a stingy husband as a perpetrator of economic domestic violence. Her discourse challenges patriarchal norms. However, her narrative remains rooted in traditional religious values, particularly the belief that a wife should not work without her husband’s permission. It illustrates the complex negotiation of female agency in religious discourse, like Islamic preaching.
Copyright (c) 2025 Endang Sriwahyuni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Strategi Pertahanan Belanda di Kutaraja (1884-1898): Peranan Concentratie Stelsel dalam Perang Aceh
This article examines the Dutch defense strategy in Kutaraja from 1884 to 1898, focusing on the implementation of the concentration system as a response to the resistance of the Acehnese people. The study aims to analyze the historical formation of the concentration line, the significance of this strategy within the context of Dutch military dominance, and the reactions of Acehnese fighters to this policy. The methodology employed is a critical historical approach with descriptive analysis, relying on literature review to gather data from various primary and secondary sources. The findings indicate that the concentration line, which involved the placement of military posts in a structured formation, enabled the Dutch to control the territory and reduce operational costs. By establishing defensive posts over an area of 50 km², the Dutch were able to monitor community activities and prevent uprisings. Although this strategy enhanced logistical efficiency, its negative impact on the Acehnese community was significant, including the destruction of cultural sites and the increased economic burden due to forced labor imposed on the populace. The Acehnese, led by ulama and military commanders, continued to resist with the spirit of jihad fi sabilillah, demonstrating their resilience against colonialism. This resistance was not only military in nature but also ideological and cultural, reflecting the commitment of the Acehnese people to defend their sovereignty. This research provides insights into the dynamics of conflict and colonial strategies relevant to the historical context of Indonesia, as well as the importance of understanding historical legacies in fostering national collective awareness. Consequently, this article is expected to contribute to further studies on the impacts of colonialism and resistance in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cut Mila Mandasari, Saryulis Saryulis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Referendum Aceh Tahun 1999: Dinamika Konflik, Peran Sipil, dan Konsekuensi Politik
The Aceh referendum of 1999 was a significant moment in Indonesia's history, marking the peak of a prolonged conflict between the central government and separatist movements in Aceh. After a long period of tension and human rights violations, the referendum was held as part of a broader political reform following the fall of the New Order regime. The people of Aceh were given the opportunity to choose between special autonomy within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia or complete independence. The referendum process was overseen by a UN Peacekeeping Mission and involved various elements of society, including non-governmental organizations that played a role in monitoring its implementation. The results of the referendum showed significant support for independence; however, the Indonesian government rejected the outcome, leading to a resurgence of tension and armed conflict. This referendum not only symbolized the aspirations of the people of Aceh but also reflected the challenges in resolving conflict in a region rich in natural resources yet experiencing political and economic marginalization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitriyana Limbong, Nur Indah, Septian Fatianda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Eksistensi Lakso Toboali (Habang) Sebagai Warisan Budaya Kabupaten Bangka Selatan dalam Perspektif Antropologi
Lakso Habang is a traditional culinary dish typical of South Bangka, which has been known for more than 120 years and is still maintained as part of the local cultural identity. This dish consists of white noodles made from rice flour served with fish sauce, using parang-parang fish as the main ingredient. The unique taste of lakso habang is created through a combination of strong spices and traditional cooking techniques passed down from generation to generation. The existence of lakso habang as part of communal intellectual property shows the role of culinary arts as a cultural heritage that connects generations and enriches the identity of the people of South Bangka. The recognition of lakso habang as part of Indonesia's Intangible Cultural Heritage (WBTb) emphasizes the importance of preserving this traditional culinary dish amidst the times and modernization. Lakso Habang continues to be successfully preserved through efforts to protect, develop, utilize, and provide structured training. The steps include the designation of lakso habang as part of intangible cultural heritage, cultural education programs for the younger generation, as well as the integration of this culinary delight in various local cultural and tourism events. With these preservation efforts, lakso habang can maintain its identity even though it is amid comparisons with various other, more modern types of laksa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dwikki Ogi Dhaswara, Muhammad Safwan Jamil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Akulturasi Islam dan Budaya Lokal dalam Fesyen Hijab di Indonesia
The acculturation between Islam and local culture in Indonesia has resulted in a significant transformation in hijab fashion, which serves as a symbol of the dynamic interaction between religious values and local culture. This study aims to analyze the acculturation process that occurs in the design and use of hijab, as well as the social and cultural impacts it causes. Using John W. Berry's Theory of Acculturation, this study shows that the hijab is not just a head covering, but also reflects a rich cultural identity. The results revealed that local cultural elements, such as traditional batik and hijab motifs, are integrated into modern hijab designs, providing opportunities for the empowerment of Muslim women in the creative industries. Despite positive impacts such as the preservation of local culture and economic growth, challenges such as the commodification of religious values must still be faced. This study concludes that the acculturation of hijab fashion creates a balance between religious and cultural values, while highlighting the importance of maintaining the original meaning of the hijab as a religious symbol.
Copyright (c) 2024 Reghifa Khalimatus Syadiyah, Siti Sholikhati, Siti Prihatiningtyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Tinjauan Mendalam terhadap Mitos “Burong Tujoh”: Eksplorasi Mitologi Aceh
This study examines the myth of “Burong Tujoh” in Acehnese society, which is rich in mystical traditions and culture. In this context, the term “burong” refers to an evil spirit or ghost believed to bring misfortune. The “Burong Tujoh” myth is closely associated with beliefs in magical powers and black magic, often linked to the sacred number seven in Acehnese culture. This research employs a literature review method to explore the cultural meanings, numerical symbolism, and philosophical values embedded in this myth. Through a semiotic approach, it is revealed that “Burong Tujoh” is an integral part of the cultural heritage and beliefs of the community, reflecting the relationship between humans and the supernatural realm. The findings highlight the importance of understanding myths within the context of local traditions to preserve and interpret the meanings behind folklore.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ikbal Husni, Ira Novita Sari, Fitriani Fitriani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Atraksi Rapa’i Debus Menurut Pandangan Tokoh Kabupaten Aceh Selatan (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Kluet Selatan)
Rapa’i Debus art is one of the artistic percussion instruments that is developing throughout Aceh, especially in the south Klurt district area, South Aceh regency. The aim of the research is to find out what forms of attractions are provided in the Rapa’i dabo’ih art performance and the views of South Aceh regency figures regarding the Rapa’i debus attraction. The type of research used is a qualitative approach. This research design. The data collection techniques used in this research are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the research are: 1) attractions in the Rapa’i dabo’ih game include: a) piercing the stomach with a pointed iron, Rencong or other weapon without getting hurt: b) slicing parts of the body with a sword, dagger or other sharp object: c) esting or burning the body with burning coals: d) chewing pieces of glass or glass and so on and 2) according to the overall subject, Rapa’i dabo’ih art is a type of art that has long beeb known by the people of Aceh. This art was used as a means by previous pious people to convey Islam to the community through reciting poetry, and that was permissible. The subjects viewed playing rapai as something that could be done, but only limited to the activity of playing rapai and reciting certain poems, because these poems had the value of worship because they contained praise to Allah SWT. However, regarding the science of invulnerability, which causes each player not to be injured or bleed when stabbed or chopped using a sharp object, this is still a matter of debate among the figures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizwan Rizwan, Lasri Lasri, Zamzami Zamzami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Menghadapi Stres: Pengalaman Coping pada Perempuan Penderita Asma
This study aims to explore the experiences of women with asthma in managing stress levels, focusing on identifying their coping strategies and the types of coping mechanisms they employ. The research utilizes a descriptive qualitative approach, employing interview and observation techniques for data collection. The analysis involves data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and verification. Data validity is ensured through data triangulation and data checking. The informants in this study are adult women aged 23–27 years, comprising university students and teachers. The findings reveal that women with asthma experience stress triggered by alarming information widely disseminated through social media. The coping strategies identified include problem-focused coping and emotional-focused coping. In problem-focused coping, individuals tend to use planful problem-solving, confronting coping and seeking social support for instrumental reasons to address their challenges. Meanwhile, in emotional-focused coping, individuals are more inclined toward escape avoidance, such as withdrawing from social environments and turning to religion by surrendering to Allah through prayer, seeking ease in resolving problems, and improving health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sidiq Rahmadi, M. Agus Wahyudi, Titis Sukmawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Kontruksi Rumoh Aceh Sebagai Wadah Keakraban (Barometer Budaya Masyarakat Aceh dalam Memuliakan Tamu)
This article is a specific description of today's Acehnese house which still preserves the previous culture of welcoming and receiving guests and providing a more spacious place in the house, this is a unifying medium in terms of intimacy between relatives who are far or near, of course through various implementations of khanduri, various models of khanduri that the Acehnese people still preserve make the Acehnese house which is built with its characteristics a unifying medium for kinship between each other, as well as a medium for friendship. The research model used is the result of a collection of various literature, while the method used by the author is by citing excerpts of sentences that are considered to have a close relationship with the discussed discussion. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the culture of hospitality and the provision of a place for guests who come are still strongly attached to the hearts of contemporary Acehnese people. The availability of space and spaciousness is a container for intimacy in the kinship system of the Acehnese people.
Copyright (c) 2024 M. Nur, Risy Mawardati, M. Rizal Fazri. AR (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Kawin Herdek: Tradisi Pernikahan Massal Masyarakat Bangka Selatan dalam Perspektif Antropologi
South Bangka Regency has the logo "Junjung Besaoh" which cannot be separated from the image of the Heredek Marriage Tradition, namely in the form of a candle umbrella. In this case, reading the words "Marriage Heredek", surely our assumption will be directed at more than one pair of young people who are carrying out a marriage contract in front of a headman. This research discusses Kawin Herdek: Mass Wedding Traditions of the South Bangka Community from an Anthropological Perspective. The focus of this research is on the Herdek Marriage tradition from an anthropological perspective which is often carried out by the people of South Bangka. The Herdek Wedding Tradition is a mass wedding tradition that is held every year from September to November by the people of South Bangka. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach. Data sources were obtained from literature studies, observations and interviews with cultural officials and historians of South Bangka regarding the Kawin Herdek tradition. The results of the research show that the herdek marriage tradition is one of the traditions that is carried out every year by the people of South Bangka and that the Herdek Marriage tradition also has a broad meaning and philosophy socially and culturally. The anthropological meaning of the Herdek Marriage Tradition has many philosophies as well as social and cultural values. Herdek marriage itself has meaning and values contained in the anthropological implementation of this tradition. Kawin Heredek has three main values, namely the Value of Togetherness, the Value of Trust and Confidence, and the Value of Mutual Cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Safwan Jamil, Lasri Lasri, Faez Syahroni, Bunaiya Bunaiya, Rendi Saragih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analisis Perkembangan Dinasti Abbasiyah dalam Dunia Islam
The Abbasid Dynasty emerged as a successor to the era of the Khulafaur Rasyidin, specifically after the fall of the Umayyad Dynasty. Centered in Baghdad, the Abbasid Dynasty was founded by Abu Abbas As-Saffah. This study aims to examine the historical background of the establishment of the Abbasid Dynasty, identify the forms of progress and decline during its reign, and analyze its influence on the development of the Islamic world. The research employs a literature study and library research methodology, analyzing books, scientific journals, articles, and documents related to the Abbasid Dynasty. This article concludes that the Abbasid Dynasty had a significant impact on the development of the Islamic world, particularly in the field of knowledge. It gave rise to many great scholars and established one of the largest libraries in the world, Baitul Hikmah. The findings of this study indicate that the Abbasid Dynasty was one of the longest-reigning Islamic dynasties, ruling for approximately five and a half centuries. This long period of leadership brought numerous developments to the Islamic world. During this era, often referred to as the Golden Age of Islam, the Islamic territories expanded significantly, even reaching parts of Europe.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tito Saputra, Hoktaviandri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Produk Olahan Sereh Wangi: Potensial Produk Inovasi Berbahan Dasar Lokal di Desa Sibagindar Kecamatan Pagindar Kabupaten Pakpak Bharat
Various potential commodities in Pakpak Bharat Regency can be said to be very rich in type, especially in extraction commodities. One of the concentrations in this study is in Sibagindar Village, Pagindar District, Pakpak Bharat Regency, North Sumatra. Seeing the types of potential commodities at the village level, but lacking attention and utilization to be developed, we feel the need for some kind of action and acceleration to be developed and introduced outside the Sumatra region. The emergence of this problem begins with the potential of commodities that can be developed, but the lack of public knowledge about what kind of innovation from existing products. Therefore, the formulation of the problem focuses more on how to see the potential for the utilization of commodities found in the processed products of the community to be developed in the future. And at the same time see what signatures and strategies will be carried out with this potential that can be utilized. In this study, there are several important findings as a result of the research conducted, including; the potential that exists in the community itself is less recognized as an innovation to be developed in the form of valuable products. Can be used as part of increasing the capacity of the community to accelerate and innovate, as well as knowledge that is useful for the community in developing local/regional products. Product development can be a source of household income or village original income (PAD), if managed by village groups/institutions, such as BUMDesa or community empowerment groups.
Copyright (c) 2024 Boy Syahputra Bancin, Rahmat Gunawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Model Akulturasi dalam Proses Adaptasi Siswa Non-Muslim pada Lembaga Pendidikan Sekolah Negeri Mayoritas Muslim
The education system in Indonesia has often encountered problems, especially in relation to education and religion in Aceh Tamiang Regency, Aceh. This article attempts to provide an overview of the context of the process of mixing and interaction of students of different religions in the process of studying in Aceh which implements Islamic law. The situation that occurred at the locus of this research, gave rise to several concerns that occurred where the patterns and models of educational approaches that occurred provided narrow choices for students or students who had different religious beliefs when they were in Aceh. This is what triggered several related questions, how students or students responded in adapting to the education system in Aceh, and what strategies were carried out in the adaptation process to continue to be able to follow the education and learning system. Interesting findings from this study indicate that the adaptation process does not necessarily run smoothly, especially in relation to the ownership of social, cultural, and religious attributes. An acculturation strategy is needed for students who have different religions to be accepted, namely by giving in or lowering egocentrism and trying to follow the flow and rules that are enforced by Islamic law.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rahmat Gunawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Budaya Interaksi Millenial: Life Style dan Konstruksi Tubuh Millenial di Ruang Publik
The paradigm of millennial interaction culture reflects a factual aspect of contemporary life that is openly displayed in today's society. For millennials, such interactions are considered normal and are not seen as a polemic worth debating, as this generation perceives that times have undergone significant changes. This article is the result of the author’s study of various literatures closely related to lifestyle and the construction of millennial bodies in public spaces. While some may view these topics as trivial, for scholars of social sciences, they represent a compelling subject of discussion, particularly when examined through moral, social, and cultural lenses, as they manifest in public spaces. This work explores how millennial body construction is shaped in public spaces, the representation of bodies in these spaces, and how the body becomes a tool for symbolic violence, exploited by certain groups. The author concludes that in the current digital era, it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish between public and private spaces; in fact, the two often appear indistinguishable. Ultimately, it comes down to each individual’s ability to interpret this dynamic. The author argues that thorough analysis and adequate intellectual acumen are necessary to navigate this complexity effectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 M. Rizal Fazri AR. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Dinamika Adat Pertunangan: Praktek Terkini dan Asumsi Masyarakat
This qualitative research combines library and field studies, utilizing observation, interviews, and documentation as instruments. Data analysis involves data reduction, presentation, and verification or conclusion. The findings reveal that the traditional engagement process includes several stages: jak keumalen (visiting to see the bride-to-be and her family), the proposal or ba ranup (the groom’s family formally proposing with symbolic items such as betel leaves and a dowry), peusoek incin (placing a ring on the bride-to-be’s finger in the presence of family and customary elders), and peusijuek (a blessing ceremony to seek prayers and approval for the couple before and after the marriage contract). Recent practices, however, show significant changes, such as elaborate decorations in the bride-to-be’s home resembling a wedding stage, the groom-to-be’s attendance during the ceremony, ring placement by the groom, both seated side by side for greetings and photo sessions, and being surrounded by both families. The community perceives these changes as a deviation from traditional values, attributing them to the inability of customary leaders to manage modern influences that have disrupted cultural norms, insufficient government oversight in maintaining Islamic values in cultural practices, and the lack of firm action by village authorities to uphold traditions, particularly in engagement ceremonies in Banda Aceh.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saprijal, Fitri Zulfidar, Faez Syahroni, Abdul Manan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrasi Islam dan Kebudayaan dalam Bidang Pranata Sosial: Studi Tradisi Sungkeman dalam Keluarga Masyarakat Indonesia
This study examines the integration between Islam and culture in the realm of social institutions. The focus of the research is on the sungkeman tradition, commonly practiced by Indonesian society. The sungkeman tradition involves a child bowing their head and offering respect, apologies, prayers, and seeking blessings from parents or elders. The method used in this study is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data sources were obtained through literature review and observations of the integration of Islam and culture in the sungkeman tradition. The findings indicate that Islam and culture have been integrated into many aspects of societal life, including family institutions. The sungkeman tradition is evidence of this integration, as it is often performed during major Islamic celebrations such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. This tradition has had a significant impact on fostering harmony within family relationships, as it embodies noble values that impart many lessons, particularly regarding a child's devotion to their parents.
Copyright (c) 2024 Septian Fatianda, Irwan, Muhammad Nur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Khazanah Kebudayaan Islam: Sejarah, Sistem Kepercayaan, dan Seni
This article is the result of a study of the book "The Cultural Atlas of Islam", by Ismaʾil Raji al Faruqi and Lois Lamya al Faruqi. The method used in this research is the library research method. This book is like a complete encyclopedia, which is divided into four discussion sections and explains three main ideas, namely the Islamic context (Islamic history), the Islamic belief system, and also the relationship between Islam and art. This book contains the entire Islamic worldview, including beliefs, traditions, institutions, and their position in the cultures where Islam is rooted. Apart from that, this book also explains the essence of Tawheed, the essence of Islam which unites the lives of its followers and shows how the core of this faith or belief is formed in the holy books, social institutions, and Islamic art and culture which must also be implemented in all aspects of intellectual, social, artistic life. political, and scientific.
Copyright (c) 2024 Khusnul Hanifah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0